Health outcomes in epidemiology are defined as?

• A. Mortality rate
• B. Quality of life measures
• C. Disease, injury or death
• D. The probability of disease incidence

Answer: (C)

Health outcomes are the end results related to a person’s health, capturing what happens to them as a result of disease, injury, or death. In epidemiology, these outcomes reflect the actual health status that matters for individuals and populations after exposure or intervention. Among the given ideas, disease, injury, or death best represents the broad range of possible realized health states, including morbidity and mortality. Mortality rate is just one way to measure death, not the full definition of health outcomes; quality of life measures are specific outcomes focused on well-being, which are important but narrower; and the probability of disease incidence is a measure of risk for developing disease, not the outcome that occurs.