How can bias affect effect estimates, and what is a strategy to mitigate it?

• A. Bias can push effect estimates away from the truth; mitigation includes study design choices, rigorous data collection, and proper analysis techniques.
• B. Bias always improves accuracy; mitigation is unnecessary.
• C. Increasing sample size alone eliminates bias.
• D. Bias cannot be controlled in observational studies.

Answer: (A)