University of Central Florida (UCF) HSC4501 Epidemiology of chronic diseases Exam 1 Practice

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• Which statement is true about cumulative incidence?
• In a 2x2 table of disease status by exposure, how is relative risk calculated?
• Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for chronic disease?
• Proportionate mortality rate is not a direct measure of risk for dying from a disease in the population.
• Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer which types of questions?
• NOT one of the five primary objectives?
• In a study, the dependent variable is:
• Why is health literacy important in clinical care?
• Health Promotion is best described as?
• Immortal time bias occurs when exposure time is misclassified in cohort studies; which description best fits it?
• Education builds human capital that contributes to health outcomes. Which description best defines human capital?
• In a prospective cohort study, which measure is typically used to quantify the association between exposure and disease?
• What is confounding and how can it bias epidemiologic associations?
• What describes Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)?
• Descriptive epidemiology includes which of the following?
• Which option best describes how cartographic analysis examines geographic patterns in health data?
• Which statement best describes the concept of causality in epidemiology?
• An area under the ROC curve value of 0.5 indicates which of the following about a diagnostic test?
• List three methods to control confounding in epidemiologic studies.
• In a high-prevalence setting, which statement best describes rising incidence?
• Which figure is credited with influencing vaccinations through work with milkmaids and smallpox?
• In the social determinants framework, how does education level generally relate to health outcomes?
• Prevalence includes which of the following?
• Epidemiology is a ________-based science.
• In analytic epidemiology, the dependent variable is:
• What do determinants of health refer to?
• What is a key drawback of surrogate endpoints in chronic disease trials?
• A study follows 500 individuals for 2 years, contributing 900 person-years due to loss to follow-up; 15 new cases occur. Compute the incidence rate per 1,000 person-years.
• Incidence is best described as
• What is a key limitation of cross-sectional studies?
• If 50 people died of heart disease and 200 total deaths occurred in a population during the same period, the PMR for heart disease is:
• Public Health is defined as which concept?
• How are DALYs calculated?
• Which two surveillance systems are commonly used in chronic disease epidemiology to monitor population health?
• What is a risk factor?
• What is cartographic analysis in epidemiology primarily used for?
• Which statement describes PPV and NPV definitions?
• Which statement best describes chronic diseases in relation to infectious diseases?
• How can bias affect effect estimates, and what is a strategy to mitigate it?
• The field of epidemiology is:
• In proportionate mortality rate calculations, which component is derived from death data?
• Which statement best captures temporality as a requirement for causality in epidemiology?
• Which sequence best represents the chronic disease continuum from upstream determinants to death or disability?
• What is the primary focus of epidemiology in relation to exposures and health outcomes?
• Which statement best describes an infectious disease?
• Which description best defines infectious disease?
• Which statement correctly defines population attributable risk (PAR)?
• Education influences health outcomes by increasing which?
• Which study design inherently establishes temporality by measuring exposure before the disease occurs?
• Which steps describe indirect standardization?
• Which statement correctly identifies the meaning of the terms?
• John Snow's germ theory work led to what action that stopped the outbreak?
• Who disproved the Miasma Theory?
• Disease control is best described as?
• If a city has 2,000 people with a disease at a specific date, and the city population is 50,000, what is the point prevalence?
• Which statement correctly defines sensitivity and specificity?
• Which statement best differentiates selection bias from information bias?
• Which statement best distinguishes vital records from disease registries in chronic disease epidemiology?
• Which of the following is an example of Health Promotion?
• Which statement correctly differentiates confounding from mediation?
• Which statement best describes the interpretation of proportionate mortality rate?
• When is the odds ratio an unbiased estimate of relative risk, and how is it calculated in a case-control study?
• Prevalence is best described as
• Which theory attributes disease to imbalances in bodily humors?
• An epidemic is
• Which statement best captures the core aim of epidemiology?
• Prevalence-incidence bias, also called Neyman bias, is most relevant in which setting?
• Which of the following is true about cumulative incidence and incidence rate?
• Which theory built upon John Snow's germ theory by introducing the idea that microorganisms cause disease?
• What practice was central to Semmelweis's contribution?
• Which statement about correlation is true?
• What is the key attribute of randomized controlled trials that minimizes confounding?
• Mortality rate is best described as which of the following?
• Which statement is true about incidence?
• Which statement best describes the role of probability in epidemiology?
• Who built upon John Snow's work?
• Describe the direct standardization method.
• Three elements to assess when critically appraising an epidemiologic study on chronic disease include which of the following?
• Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for chronic disease?
• Which statement best defines a variable in epidemiology?
• Point prevalence is best described as
• What is the purpose of an age-adjusted rate?
• Which statement distinguishes endemic from epidemic?
• What is an ecological study and what is a common ecological fallacy risk?
• Which statement best defines a variable in research?
• Which of the following statements is most consistent with a true cause-and-effect relationship between an exposure and disease?
• Name two of Hill's criteria for causality.
• Which bias occurs when screening tends to detect slower-progressing cases with better prognosis, biasing toward longer survival?
• Distinguish confounding from effect modification.
• What are the specific steps to measure descriptive epidemiology measurements?
• Health outcomes are defined as?
• Which statement best describes the difference between infectious and chronic diseases?
• What is the primary application of the epidemiologic study?
• What is the leading cause of death in many populations?
• Why is age standardization important when comparing disease rates across populations?
• Which statement best describes the difference between a proportionate mortality rate and a crude mortality rate?
• Health outcomes in epidemiology are defined as?
• Epidemiology focuses on which trio of concepts?
• What is epidemiology?
• Which description best defines a chronic disease?
• Which of the following is NOT a barrier associated with social determinants of health (con SDOH)?
• What are Epi's 5 primary objectives?
• What is the central idea of the Theory of Multiple Causality?
• Endemic is best described as
• In a proportionate mortality rate, what is the denominator in the formula?
• Which figure is credited with introducing inference into public health statistics?
• What does a hazard ratio greater than 1 imply?
• Which statement best describes direct standardization?
• Which statement about social determinants of health is true?
• Incidence is defined as which of the following?
• In epidemiology, comorbidity refers to?
• Which factors determine infectious disease outcomes?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between PMR and population risk?
• Epidemiology is a sub discipline of which field?
• Two common measures of incidence are
• Which disease is used as an example illustrating infectious and chronic disease overlap, specifically an infection that can become chronic?
• What is the goal of population health surveillance in chronic diseases?
• In a case-control study, which measure is commonly used to estimate the association between exposure and disease?
• Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are calculated as which components?
• Which statement best describes the determinants of chronic disease?
• What is a hazard ratio and in which study design is it commonly used?
• In epidemiology, what is the unit of observation for clinicians versus public health experts?
• What is a major strength of a prospective cohort study?
• Which level of the Social Ecological Model is defined by the interactions among family, friends, and social networks?
• Define attributable risk and population attributable risk.
• Which Hill's criterion states that the cause must precede the effect?
• In the proportionate mortality rate calculation, which of the following is the numerator?
• What dictates uncertainty in epidemiology?
• In epidemiology, causality refers to the relationship between which types of variables?
• What is a surrogate endpoint?
• Which of the following is a correct step in measuring descriptive epi measurements?
• What is the primary purpose of evaluating a chronic disease screening program?
• Distinguish prevalence from incidence in epidemiology.
• Which level is associated with knowledge, attitudes, and skills of individuals?
• What does the 'Koch Postulates Theory' aim to do?
• Which perspective emphasizes that chronic disease risk accumulates over the life course?
• In epidemiology, what is the primary objective when studying exposures and determinants?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four major goals of epidemiology?
• What does prevalence measure?
• Which formula represents the odds ratio from a 2x2 table?
• Inference in epidemiology refers to
• What is the difference between point prevalence and period prevalence?
• An observed relative risk of 2.0 for smoking and lung cancer implies what?
• Differentiate cumulative incidence from incidence rate.
• What is a commonly cited limitation of case-control studies?
• What is lead-time bias in screening studies?
• According to the material, which two scientists are credited with building upon Snow's germ theory?
• Why should clinicians consider health literacy when educating patients?
• In an epidemiologic study, which variable is typically manipulated to observe effects on the outcome?
• Which measure is most appropriate for assessing the risk of developing a disease over a defined period?
• What does the area under the ROC curve represent?
• Why is it dangerous to infer causality from cross-sectional associations?
• Which combination of risk factors is commonly linked to cardiovascular disease?
• Which study design is particularly efficient for studying rare diseases or outcomes?
• Which level of the Social Ecological Model encompasses formal organizations and social institutions?
• Indirect standardization is used when study-specific age-specific rates are unstable or unavailable. Which approach describes how it is performed?
• Which statement about chronic disease characteristics is not typical?
• What is the main purpose of epidemiology?
• Which term best describes the rate of deaths from all causes in a population during a specified time period?
• Which statement best defines incidence?
• Who is called the Father of Epidemiology?
• Proportionate Mortality Rate can be used to describe:
• Misclassification due to self-reporting of exposure status is an example of which bias?
• Which theory is described as making causal inference harder for chronic diseases due to multiple exposures over time?
• Define chronic disease epidemiology.
• Epidemiology is best defined as the study of how a health-related status is distributed.
• Name a cardiovascular disease and one major risk factor.
• What practice did Ignaz Semmelweis advocate to reduce maternal mortality?
• What intervention stopped the cholera outbreak according to the material?
• Health disparities are best described as which of the following?
• Which statement reflects the Theory of Multiple Causality?
• A disease that is present worldwide across many countries is called
• Which are examples of social determinants of health?
• Which of the following are examples of modifiable risk factors for chronic disease?
• Which term describes factors such as income, education, and occupation that influence health?
• Who is recognized as the Father of Public Health Statistics?
• Which option best identifies the factors that influence and determine distribution?
• Which statement best describes causality in epidemiology?
• Epidemiology differs from other subjects because there is a lot of uncertainty and no definite answer.
• Morbidity is defined as
• Who is known as the Father of Medicine?
• The term 'Father of Epidemiology' is most closely associated with which person?
• Why are public health and clinical medicine symbiotic?
• Which statement is true about incidence measures?
• What factors contributed to the transition from infectious diseases to chronic diseases as leading health concerns?
• Given a cohort of 1,000 disease-free individuals followed for 1 year with 20 new cases, calculate the cumulative incidence.
• Analytic epidemiology aims to:
• Name two common biases in epidemiology.
• Who is called the Father of Vital Statistics?
• What is a primary purpose of disease registries in surveillance and research?
• Prevention is defined as which?
• Who is often considered the first epidemiologist?